How do microphones work and why are there so many different types?

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Prices: Microphones
Sony ECM-MS907 Consumer Microphone

Cable, Consumer, Stereo, Consumer Use: Personal Audio, 100 - 15000 Hz, 100 ohms, -56 dBm

$70 - $75
Logitech USB Desktop Consumer Microphone

Cable, Consumer, Mono, Consumer Use: Computers, 100 - 16000 Hz, -47 dBm

$20 - $26
Vocopro UHF-5800 Professional Microphone

Wireless, Professional, Mono

$288 - $349